ÍâµØÊ±¼ä2025-10-19
ºÚÈ˽â½ûµÄÅä¾°É趨¡ª¡ªÊìϤÀúÊ·±äǨÖеĶàÖØ¶¯Á¦
ÔÚÎÒÃÇ»ØÊ׺ÚÈ˽â½ûµÄÀúÊ·Å侰ʱ£¬²»¿ÉºöÊÓһϵÁÐÖØ´ó¶øÉî¿ÌµÄÉç»á¡¢¾¼Ã¡¢ÕþÖÎÒòËØµÄ½»Ö¯¡£×ݹÛÈ«Çò¹æÄ£ÄڵĺÚÈ˽â½û£¬ÓÈÆäÊÇÃÀ¹úµÄÆÍ´ÓÖÆ¶ÈÆÆ³ýºÍËæÖ®¶øÀ´µÄÃñȨÔ˶¯£¬¶¼ÊÇÔÚÌØ¶¨ÀúÊ·Ìõ¼þϵIJúÆ·¡£ÕâÒ»Àú³Ì²»µ«ÊÇÖ´·¨ÌõÎĵı任£¬¸üÊÇÕû¸öÉç»á¼ÛÖµ¹ÛºÍÎÄ»¯ÈÏÖªµÄÉîÌõÀíÀå¸ï¡£
ÒªÃ÷È·ºÚÈ˽â½ûµÄÅä¾°£¬±ØÐè´ÓÆÍ´ÓÖÆ¶ÈµÄȪԴ×îÏÈ¡£ÆÍ´ÓÖÆ¶ÈÔÚ18¡¢19ÊÀ¼ÍÊ¢ÐУ¬Ö÷ÒªÔ´×ÔÅ·ÖÞÁÐÇ¿µÄÖ³ÃñÀ©Õż°¾¼ÃÀûÒæµÄÐèÇó¡£·ÇÖÞÆÍ´Ó±»Ç¿ÐдøÈëÃÀÖÞ£¬³ÉΪũҵ¡¢¹¤ÒµÉú²úµÄ¡°¹¤¾ß¡±¡£ÆÍ´ÓÖÆ¶ÈµÄ±£´æ£¬¸ùÖ²ÓÚ¶Ô¡°ËûÕß¡±µÄ¼«¶ËÆçÊӺ;¼ÃÀûÒæµÄ×·Çó£¬ÌåÏÖÁËÆäʱÉç»á¶ÔÈËÐÔÇå¾²µÈµÄŤÇúÈÏÖª¡£
Ëæ×Åʱ¼äµÄÍÆÒÆ£¬19ÊÀ¼ÍµÄ¹¤Òµ¸ïÃü´øÀ´¾¼Ã½á¹¹µÄÀå¸ï£¬Ê¹µÃÆÍ´ÓÖÆ¶ÈÖð½¥ÎÞ·¨Ë³Ó¦Éú²ú·½·¨µÄת±ä¡£Ó¢¹ú¡¢ÃÀ¹úµÈ¹ú¼Ò×îÏÈÃÈÉúÆÆ³ýÆÍ´ÓÖÆµÄÍ·ÄÔ¡£ÃÀ¹úÄϱ±Õ½Õù£¨1861-1865£©³ÉΪÆÍ´ÓÖÆ¶ÈÆÆ³ýµÄתÕ۵㣬±±·½Í¬Ã˵ÄʤÀû£¬Ö±½Ó´Ù³ÉÁËÆÍ´ÓÖÆµÄÖսᡣ1865Ä꣬ÄÏ·½Í¨¹ý¡°µÚÊ®ÈýÐÞÕý°¸¡±£¬ÕýʽÐû²¼ÆÆ³ýÆÍ´ÓÖÆ¶È£¬ºÚÈË¡°½â·Å¡±³ÉΪִ·¨ÊÂʵ¡£
½â·ÅºóµÄºÚÈ˲¢Î´Á¬Ã¦»ñµÃÒ»ÂÉÈ¨Òæ£¬·´¶øÔâÓöϵͳÐÔµÄÆçÊÓÓëÇãÔþ¡£ÄÏ·½É½Ç½µÄÖÖ×å¸ôÀëÕþ²ß£¨Èç¡°¼ªÄ·¡¤¿ËÀÍ·¨¡±£©Ôںܳ¤Ò»¶Îʱ¼äÄÚά³ÖÁËÖÖ×å¸ôÀëºÍÆçÊÓÖÆ¶È¡£ÕâÒ»¶ÎÀúÊ·Å侰˵Ã÷£¬½â½û²»µ«ÊÇÒ»Ö½Ö´·¨µÄ±ä»»£¬¸ü´ú±íÁËÉç»á¿´·¨µÄÖØ´óתÏò¡ª¡ªÖð²½´ÓÅ«ÒÛÓëÆçÊÓ×ßÏòÒ»ÂɺÍ×ðÖØ¡£
ÔÚ20ÊÀ¼Í£¬ÓÈÆäÊǶþÕ½ºó£¬ÃÀ¹úÓÀ´ÁËÃñȨÔ˶¯µÄá¯Áë¡£Âí¶¡¡¤Â·µÂ¡¤½ð¡¢Á_ɯ¡¤ÅÁ¿Ë˹µÈÏÈÇýÕßÒ»Ö±ÕùÈ¡ºÚÈËÆ½È¨£¬Íƶ¯ÁËһϵÁÐÁ¢·¨Àå¸ï¡£´Ó1954ÄêµÄ¡°²¼ÀÊËß½ÌÓýίԱ»á°¸¡±µ½1964ÄêµÄÃñȨ·¨°¸£¬ÔÙµ½1965ÄêµÄͶƱȨ·¨°¸£¬Ã¿Ò»²¿Ö´·¨¶¼³ÉΪºÚÈË´ÓÖ´·¨ÒâÒåÉÏ¡°½â½û¡±µÄÀï³Ì±®¡£
ÕâÒ»Åä¾°ÏÔʾ£¬ºÚÈËÈËȨµÄÕùÈ¡£¬ÊÇÒ»³¡ÈÚºÏÁËÖ´·¨¡¢ÕþÖΡ¢ÎÄ»¯¶àÖØÁ¦Á¿µÄºã¾ÃÑݱäÀú³Ì¡£
³ý´ËÖ®Í⣬ȫÇò¹æÄ£ÄÚ£¬ÄϷǵķ´ÖÖ×å¸ôÀë¶·ÕùͬÑù¾ßÓÐÖ÷ÒªÊ÷Ä£ÒâÒå¡£ÄÏ·ÇÔÚ20ÊÀ¼Í90ÄêÔ¿¢ÊÂÁ˳¤´ïÊýÊ®ÄêµÄÖÖ×å¸ôÀëÖÆ¶È£¬ÂõÏòÈ«ÃñµÄ½â½ûºÍÖÖ×åÈںϡ£ÕâЩÊÂÎñÐγÉÁËÒ»¸öÅäºÏµÄʱ´úÓï¾³£¬½«ºÚÈ˵Ľâ½û×÷Ϊһ¸öÈ«Çò¹Ø×¢µÄÖØ´óÉç»áÀå¸ï¡£
ºÚÈ˽â½ûµÄÅä¾°£¬ÏÖʵÉÏÒ²ÉîÉî¸ùÖ²ÓÚÈËÀà¶Ô¡°×ÔÓÉ¡±¡°Ò»ÂÉ¡±µÄÆÕ±é×·ÇóÖ®ÖС£Ëü²»µ«½öÊÇÖ´·¨Öƶȵĵ÷½â£¬¸üÊÇÈËÀàÎÄÃ÷Ê·Éϳ¯ÏòÈÝÄÉÓë¶àÔªµÄÖØ´óÔ¾Éý¡£½â·ÅÁËÒ»¸öȺÌåµÄÒ²ÍÆ¶¯ÁËÈ«Éç»áÍ·ÄԵĽâ·Å£¬Òý·¢Á˹ØÓÚÈËÐÔ¡¢È¨Á¦ºÍÕýÒåµÄÉî¿Ì·´Ë¼¡£
×ܵÄÀ´¿´£¬ºÚÈ˽â½ûµÄÅä¾°É趨£¬ÊÇÓÉÆÍ´ÓÖÆµÄÀúÊ·ÒÅÁô¡¢¾¼ÃÉú³¤µÄÐèÇó¡¢Éç»á¿´·¨µÄ±äǨÒÔ¼°Ö´·¨ÖƶȵÄÍÆ¶¯ÅäºÏ×÷ÓõÄЧ¹û¡£ÕâÒ»³¤Á´Ê½µÄÀå¸ï£¬¾ÓÉÎÞÊýÈËµÄÆð¾¢ºÍÎþÉü£¬×îÖÕÔÚÖ´·¨²ãÃæ¸æ¿¢¹²Ê¶£¬Ò²ÔÚÉç»áÒâʶÐÎ̬ÉÏʵÏÖÉî¿Ìת±ä¡£
ºÚÈ˽â½ûµÄÖ´·¨»ù´¡ÓëÆäÉîÔ¶µÄÀúÊ·ÒâÒå
ÔÚÆÊÎöºÚÈ˽â½ûµÄÅä¾°Ö®ºó£¬²»µÃ²»Ìá¼°Ö§³ÖÕâÒ»Àå¸ïµÄÖ´·¨ÏµÍ³¡£Ö´·¨×÷ΪÉç»áÖÈÐòµÄ»ù´¡£¬ÆäÑݱäÔÚºÚÈ˽â½ûÀú³ÌÖÐÊÎÑÝמöÒéÐÔ½ÇÉ«¡£»ØÊ×ÀúÊ·Éϵó¸Åº¦Ö´·¨ºÍÖÆ¶È±äǨ£¬ÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔ¸üºÃÃ÷È·Ö´·¨ÎªºÎ³ÉΪ½â½ûµÄÖ÷ÒªÖ§³ÖÒÔ¼°ËüËù´øÀ´µÄÉîÔ¶ÒâÒå¡£
̸µ½ºÚÈ˵Ľâ½û£¬±ØÐèÌá¼°¡°µÚÊ®ÈýÐÞÕý°¸¡±¡£1865Äêͨ¹ýµÄÕâÏîÐÞÕý°¸£¬ÕýÊ½ÆÆ³ýÁËÆÍ´ÓÖÆ¶È£¬±ê¼Ç×ÅÖ´·¨ÒâÒåÉϵġ°½â½û¡±ÕýʽÐû²¼¡£Õâ²»µ«Òâζ×ÅÆÍ´ÓÉí·ÝµÄÖսᣬ¸üÈúÚÈË»ñµÃÁËÖ´·¨ÉϵÄ×ÔÓÉȨÁ¦¡£´Ë¾Ù×÷ΪһÏîÏÜ·¨ÐÞÕý£¬È·±£ÁËÆäÖ´·¨Ð§Á¦£¬³ÉΪÀúÊ·ÉϵÄÖØ´óÀï³Ì±®¡£
¶ø½ö½öÊǽâ·Å£¬²»¿ÉÍêÈ«½â¾öºÚÈËÔÚÉç»áÖÐµÄÆ½ÆÚ´ýÓöÎÊÌâ£¬ËæÖ®¶øÀ´µÄÔòÊÇ¡°ÃñȨÔ˶¯¡±µÄÅÉú³¤¡£ÔÚ1954ÄêµÄ¡°²¼ÀÊËß½ÌÓýίԱ»á°¸¡±ÖУ¬×î¸ß·¨ÔºÑ¶¶Ï¡°ÖÖ×å¸ôÀëÖÆ¶ÈÔÚ¹«¹²½ÌÓýÁìÓòÎ¥ÏÜ¡±£¬Í»ÆÆÁË¡°ËùνµÄÖ´·¨¸ôĤ¡±¡ª¡ª¡°Ò»ÇÐÖÖ×å¸ôÀ룬¶¼ÊDz»·¨µÄ¡±¡£Õâ¸öѶ¶Ï£¬µÓÚ¨Á˺óÐøÒ»ÏµÁз´ÆçÊÓ¹æÔòµÄ»ùʯ£¬Ò²ÕÃÏÔÁËÖ´·¨ÔÚÍÆ¶¯Éç»á¹«ÕýÖеÄÒªº¦Á¦Á¿¡£
µ½ÁË1964ÄêµÄ¡°ÃñȨ·¨°¸¡±£¬ºÚÈËÒ»ÂÉȨÁ¦µÄÖ´·¨°ü¹ÜµÖ´ïÁËáÛ·å¡£¸Ã·¨°¸²»µ«Õ¥È¡»ùÓÚÖÖ×åµÄÆçÊÓ£¬»¹ÔÚ¾ÍÒµ¡¢¹«¹²³¡ºÏ¡¢½ÌÓýµÈ¶à¸öÁìÓòÉèÖÃÁËÒ»Âɵıê×¼¡£ÕâһϵÁÐÁ¢·¨£¬ÊµÖÊÉÏÊǾ߱¸Ç¿ÖÆÁ¦µÄ¡°½â½û¡±·¨°¸Ê¹ºÚÈËÉç»áµÃÒÔ´ÓϵͳÐÔÆçÊÓÖнâ·Å³öÀ´¡£
ͶƱȨµÄ°ü¹Ü£¬Ò²ÊǺÚÈ˽â½û×îÖ÷ÒªµÄÄÚÈÝÖ®Ò»¡£1965ÄꡰͶƱȨ·¨°¸¡±¹ØÓÚ°þ¶áºÚÈËͶƱȨµÄÖÖÖÖÊֶΣ¬¾ÙÐÐÁËÑÏ¿áÏÞÖÆ¡£Ö»ÓÐÖ´·¨µÄ±£»¤£¬ºÚÈ˲ŻªÕæÕý¡°µ±¼Ò×÷Ö÷¡±£¬¼ÓÈëµ½¹ú¼ÒµÄÖÎÀíÖÐÈ¥¡£
³ýÁËÃÀ¹úµÄ°¸Àý£¬ÄϷǵġ°·´ÖÖ×å¸ôÀë·¨°¸¡±Ò²ÖµµÃÒ»Ìá¡£1991Ä깫²¼µÄ¡°É¨³ýÖÖ×å¸ôÀë·¨°¸¡±£¬×÷·ÏÁ˶àÏîÆçÊÓÐÔÖÆ¶È£¬ÎªÄϷǺÚÈËÂõÏòÈ«Ãñ½â½ûÌṩÁËÖ´·¨°ü¹Ü¡£Õâ²»µ«¿¢ÊÂÁËÄϷǵÄÖÖ×å¸ôÀëÖÆ¶È£¬Ò²Ê÷Ä£ÁËÖ´·¨ÔÚÈËȨ±£»¤·½ÃæµÄÇ¿¶¦Á¦´ó¾ÙÁ¿¡£
ÕâЩִ·¨ÏµÍ³µÄÑݽø£¬²»µ«½öÊÇÖ´·¨ÌõÎĵĸı䣬¸üÊǶÔÈËÐÔºÍ×ðÑϼòÖ±ÈÏ¡£ËüÃÇΪºÚÈËȺÌåÌṩÁË¡°½â½û¡±µÄÖ´·¨ÒÀ¾Ý£¬Ò²ÏòÉç»áÊͷųöÒ»·ÝÃ÷È·µÄÐźţºÒ»ÂÉ¡¢¹«Õý£¬²ÅÊÇÏÖ´úÎÄÃ÷µÄµ×Ïß¡£
´Ó¸üºê¹ÛµÄ½Ç¶ÈÀ´¿´£¬ºÚÈ˽â½ûµÄÖ´·¨»ù´¡£¬ÊǶÔÀúÊ·Éϳ¤Ê±¼äÆçÊÓºÍեȡµÄÒ»´ÎÖÆ¶ÈÐÔ¶Ô¿¹¡£ËüÃÇÕÃÏÔÁËÖ´·¨×ÔÖ÷µ÷½âÉç»á²»¹«µÄÄÜÁ¦£¬Ò²Èá°½â½û¡±²»ÔÙÊÇ´¿´âµÄÕþÖοںţ¬¶øÊǾßÓÐʵÖÊЧÁ¦µÄÉç»áʵ¼ù¡£
ÕⳡÀå¸ïµÄÉîÔ¶ÒâÒåÔÚÓÚ£¬ËüΪδÀ´µÄÈ«Çò¶àÔªÈÝÄÉÉç»áÊ÷Á¢Á˱ê¸Ë¡£ºÚÈËȺÌåµÄ½â½û£¬²»µ«¸ÄÉÆÁËËûÃǵÄÉç»áְ룬¸ü¼¤ÀøÁËÈ«Çò²î±ðÃñ×å¡¢²î±ðȺÌå×·ÇóÒ»ÂɵĽŲ½¡£Ö´·¨Àå¸ïÍÆ¶¯ÁËÊìϤµÄת±ä£¬Ò²ÈÃÎÞÊý¹Ø±ÕµÄÐÄìéÖ𽥿ªÆô£¬ÎªÈ«ÇòÈËÀàÎÄÃ÷µÄÉú³¤ÌṩÁËÕä¹óµÄÂÄÀú¡£
ËýÔÚÕÉ·òÑÛǰ±»Ë£Á˹ú¼ÒÍâ»ã¾Ö£º¶þ¼¾¶È¾³£ÕË»§Ë³²î9252ÒÚÔª